Companion website : http://www.wiley.com//legacy/wileychi/petrie/ On this site you will find data files which relate to the examples in the text. The data sets relate to the below tables, section numbers, or occasionally, figure or display numbers. ----- Table of Contents : 1 - The Whys and Wherefores of Statistics : 1.1 Learning objectives 1 1.2 Aims of the book 1 1.3 What is statistics? 2 1.4 Statistics in veterinary and animal science 3 1.5 Evidence-based veterinary medicine 4 1.6 Types of variable 4 1.7 Variations in measurements 5 1.8 Terms relating to measurement quality 7 1.9 Populations and samples 9 1.10 Types of statistical procedures 10 1.11 Conclusion 10 Exercises 10 2 - Descriptive Statistics : 2.1 Learning objectives 12 2.2 Summarizing data 12 2.3 Empirical frequency distributions 12 2.4 Tables 14 2.5 Diagrams 15 2.6 Numerical measures 19 2.7 Reference interval 24 Exercises 25 3 - Probability and Probability Distributions : 3.1 Learning objectives 28 3.2 Probability 28 3.3 Probability distributions 30 3.4 Discrete probability distributions 31 3.5 Continuous probability distributions 33 3.6 Relationships between distributions 42 Exercises 43 4 - Sampling and Sampling Distributions : 4.1 Learning objectives 46 4.2 Distinction between the sample and the population 46 4.3 Statistical inference 46 4.4 Sampling distribution of the mean 48 4.5 Confidence interval for a mean 50 4.6 Sampling distribution of the proportion 52 4.7 Confidence interval for a proportion 53 4.8 Bootstrapping and jackknifing 53 Exercises 54 5 - Experimental Design and Clinical Trials : 5.1 Learning objectives 55 5.2 Types of study 55 5.3 Introducing clinical trials 59 5.4 Importance of design in the clinical trial 60 5.5 Control group 61 5.6 Assignment of animals to the treatment groups 62 5.7 Avoidance of bias in the assessment procedure 65 5.8 Increasing the precision of the estimates 66 5.9 Further considerations 68 Exercises 73 6 - An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing : 6.1 Learning objectives 75 6.2 Introduction 75 6.3 Basic concepts of hypothesis testing 75 6.4 Type I and Type II errors 79 6.5 Distinction between statistical and biological significance 80 6.6 Confidence interval approach to hypothesis testing 81 6.7 Collecting our thoughts on confidence intervals 82 6.8 Equivalence and non-inferiority studies 82 Exercises 83 7 - Hypothesis Tests 1. The t-test: Comparing One or Two Means 85 7.1 Learning objectives 85 7.2 Requirements for hypothesis tests for comparing means 85 7.3 One-sample t-test 87 7.4 Two-sample t-test 89 7.5 Paired t-test 92 Exercises 96 8 - Hypothesis Tests 2. The F-test: Comparing Two Variances or More Than Two Means : 8.1 Learning objectives 100 8.2 Introduction 100 8.3 The F-test for the equality of two variances 100 8.4 Levene’s test for the equality of two or more variances 102 8.5 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the equality of means 102 8.6 One-way analysis of variance 105 Exercises 109 9 - Hypothesis Tests 3. The Chi-squared Test: Comparing Proportions : 9.1 Learning objectives 112 9.2 Introduction 112 9.3 Testing a hypothesis about a single proportion 112 9.4 Comparing two proportions: independent groups 113 9.5 Testing associations in an r ? c contingency table 117 9.6 Comparing two proportions - paired observations 120 9.7 Chi-squared goodness-of-fit test 122 Exercises 123 10 - Linear Correlation and Regression : 10.1 Learning objectives 126 10.2 Introducing linear correlation and regression 126 10.3 Linear correlation 127 10.4 Simple (univariable) linear regression 132 10.5 Regression to the mean 142 Exercises 142 11 - Further Regression Analyses : 11.1 Learning objectives 146 11.2 Introduction 146 11.3 Multiple linear regression 147 11.4 Multiple logistic regression: a binary response variable 154 11.5 Poisson regression 159 11.6 Regression methods forclustered data 161 Exercises 163 12 - Non-parametric Statistical Methods : 12.1 Learning objectives 165 12.2 Parametric and non-parametric tests 165 12.3 Sign test 167 12.4 Wilcoxon signed rank test 169 12.5 Wilcoxon rank sum test 171 12.6 Non-parametric analyses of variance 173 12.7 Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient 175 Exercises 178 13 - Further Aspects of Design and Analysis 181 13.1 Learning objectives 181 13.2 Transformations 181 13.3 Sample size 184 13.4 Sequential and interim analysis 189 13.5 Meta-analysis 190 13.6 Methods of sampling 194 Exercises 198 14 - Additional Techniques 200 14.1 Learning objectives 200 14.2 Diagnostic tests 200 14.3 Bayesian analysis 208 14.4 Measuring agreement 211 14.5 Measurements at successive points in time 218 14.6 Survival analysis 221 14.7 Multivariate analysis 226 Exercises 227 15 - Some Specialized Issues and Procedures 230 15.1 Learning objectives 230 15.2 Introduction 230 15.3 Ethical and legal issues 230 15.4 Spatial statistics and geospatial information systems 233 15.5 Veterinary surveillance 237 15.6 Molecular and quantitative genetics 240 Exercises 242 16 - Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine 243 16.1 Learning objectives 243 16.2 Introduction 243 16.3 What is evidence-based veterinary medicine? 244 16.4 Why has evidence-based veterinary medicine developed? 244 16.5 What is involved in practising evidence-based veterinary medicine? 245 16.6 Integrating evidence-based veterinary medicine into clinical practice 249 16.7 Example 249 Exercises 250 17 - Reporting Guidelines 252 17.1 Learning objectives 252 17.2 Introduction to reporting guidelines (EQUATOR network) 252 17.3 REFLECT statement 254 17.4 ARRIVE guidelines (research using laboratory animals) 255 17.5 STROBE guidelines (observational studies) 255 17.6 STARD statement (diagnostic accuracy) 262 17.7 PRISMA statement (systematic reviews and meta-analysis) 265 18 - Critical Appraisal of Reported Studies 269 18.1 Learning objectives 269 18.2 Introduction 269 18.3 A template for critical appraisal of published research involving animals 270 18.4 Paper 1 273 18.5 Critical appraisal of paper 1 284 18.6 Paper 2 288 18.7 Critical appraisal of paper 2 297 18.8 General conclusion 302 Solutions to Exercises 303 Appendices : A - Statistical Tables 331 B - Tables of Confidence Intervals 347 C - Glossary of Notation 349 D - Glossary of Terms 353 E - Flowcharts for Selection of Appropriate Tests 376 References 377 Index 379