CH. 1 FUNCTIONAL RENAL PHYSIOLOGY AND URINE PRODUCTION 1 Glomerular filtration 1 Tubular reabsorption and secretion 3 Collecting tubules 5 Renal function and measures of renal function 5 Laboratory assessment of renal function 6 CH. 2 SPECIMENT PROCUREMENT 9 Laboratory defi nitions for collection methods 9 Urine specimen containers 12 Specimen handling and preservation 15 Types of urine specimens 16 CH. 3 ROUTINE URINALYSIS : PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 19 Solute concentration 19 Urine color 25 CH. 4 ROUTINE URINALYSIS : CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 29 pH 29 Protein 32 Glucose 38 Ketone 40 Blood 42 Bilirubin 45 Urobilinogen 48 Nitrite 49 Leukocyte esterase 50 Specific gravity 51 CH. 5 ROUTINE URINALYSIS : MICROSCOPIC ELEMENT 55 Urine sediment preparation 55 Examination of urine sediment 57 Microscopic elements of urine sediment 59 CH. 6 PROTEINURIA 113 Protein handling by the kidney 113 Signifi cance of proteinuria 116 Laboratory diagnosis of proteinuria 117 Recommendations regarding diagnosis of proteinuria 126 Additional considerations for proteinuria 126 CH. 7 ADVANCED DIAGNSOTICS 133 Detection of bacteriuria versus diagnosis of urinary tract infection 133 Urinary tract cytology 136 Fractional excretion 147 Urinary biomarkers 149 CH. 8 LABORATORY QUALITY ASSURANCE 155 Physical requirements of the laboratory 155 Laboratory equipment 157 Reagents and supplies for the urinalysis laboratory Laboratory waste 160 Quality control in the urinalysis laboratory 161 Procedure manuals 163 Index 165