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Human skin microbiota: high diversity of DNA viruses identified on the human skin by high throughput sequencing.

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Article
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Foulongne, V. ; Sauvage, V. ; Hebert, Charles ; Cheval, Justine ; Gouilh, M.A. ; Pariente, K. ; Segondy, M. ; Burguiere, A. ; Manuguerra, Jean-Claude ; Caro, V. ; Eloit, Marc

PLOS ONE

1 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1058- University of Montpellier I- Montpellier University Hospital, Department of Biology and Pathology-Laboratory of Virology and Department of Dermatology, Montpellier, France. 2 Institut Pasteur, Laboratory for Urgent Responses to Biological Threats, Paris, France. 3 Pathoquest, Paris, France. 4 Institut Pasteur, Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health Platform, Paris, France. 5 Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie ENVA, INRA, ANSES, Maisons Alfort, France. 6 Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Paris, France. Ohio State University Medical Center, United States of America

2012

Article

Abstract The human skin is a complex ecosystem that hosts a heterogeneous flora. Until recently, the diversity of the cutaneous microbiota was mainly investigated for bacteria through culture based assays subsequently confirmed by molecular techniques. There are now many evidences that viruses represent a significant part of the cutaneous flora as demonstrated by the asymptomatic carriage of beta and gamma-human papillomaviruses on the healthy skin. Furthermore, it has been recently suggested that some representatives of the Polyomavirus genus might share a similar feature. In the present study, the cutaneous virome of the surface of the normal-appearing skin from five healthy individuals and one patient with Merkel cell carcinoma was investigated through a high throughput metagenomic sequencing approach in an attempt to provide a thorough description of the cutaneous flora, with a particular focus on its viral component. The results emphasize the high diversity of the viral cutaneous flora with multiple polyomaviruses, papillomaviruses and circoviruses being detected on normal-appearing skin. Moreover, this approach resulted in the identification of new Papillomavirus and Circovirus genomes and confirmed a very low level of genetic diversity within human polyomavirus species. Although viruses are generally considered as pathogen agents, our findings support the existence of a complex viral flora present at the surface of healthy-appearing human skin in various individuals. The dynamics and anatomical variations of this skin virome and its variations according to pathological conditions remain to be further studied. The potential involvement of these viruses, alone or in combination, in skin proliferative disorders and oncogenesis is another crucial issue to be elucidated.
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