Part 1: Historical Signs 1.1 General, systemic and metabolic historical signs 1.1.1 Polyuria/polydipsia 1.1.2 Weight loss 1.1.3 Weight gain 1.1.4 Polyphagia 1.1.5 Anorexia/inappetence 1.1.6 Failure to grow 1.1.7 Syncope/collapse 1.1.8 Weakness 1.2 Gastrointestinal/abdominal historical signs 1.2.1 Ptyalism/salivation/hypersalivation 1.2.2 Gagging/retching 1.2.3 Dysphagia 1.2.4 Regurgitation 1.2.5 Vomiting 1.2.6 Diarrhoea 1.2.7 Melaena 1.2.8 Haematemesis 1.2.9 Haematochezia 1.2.10 Constipation/obstipation 1.2.11 Faecal tenesmus/dyschezia 1.2.12 Faecal incontinence 1.2.13 Flatulence/borborygmus 1.3 Cardiorespiratory historical signs 1.3.1 Coughing 1.3.2 Dyspnoea/tachypnoea 1.3.3 Sneezing and nasal discharge 1.3.4 Epistaxis 1.3.5 Haemoptysis 1.3.6 Exercise intolerance 1.4 Dermatological historical signs 1.4.1 Pruritus 1.5 Neurological historical signs 1.5.1 Seizures 1.5.2 Trembling/shivering 1.5.3 Ataxia 1.5.4 Paresis/paralysis 1.5.5 Coma/stupor 1.5.6 Altered behaviour: General changes 1.5.7 Altered behaviour: Specific behavioural problems 1.5.8 Deafness 1.5.9 Multifocal neurological disease 1.6 Ocular historical signs 1.6.1 Blindness/visual impairment 1.6.2 Epiphora/tear overflow 1.7 Musculoskeletal historical signs 1.7.1 Forelimb lameness 1.7.2 Hindlimb lameness 1.7.3 Multiple joint/limb lameness 1.8 Reproductive historical signs 1.8.1 Failure to observe oestrus 1.8.2 Irregular seasons 1.8.3 Infertility in the female with normal oestrus 1.8.4 Male infertility 1.8.5 Vaginal/vulval discharge 1.8.6 Abortion 1.8.7 Dystocia 1.8.8 Neonatal mortality 1.9 Urological historical signs 1.9.1 Pollakiuria/dysuria/stranguria 1.9.2 Polyuria/polydipsia 1.9.3 Anuria/oliguria 1.9.4 Haematuria 1.9.5 Urinary incontinence/inappropriate urination Part 2: Physical Signs 2.1 General/miscellaneous physical signs 2.1.1 Abnormalities of body temperature – hyperthermia 2.1.2 Abnormalities of body temperature – hypothermia 2.1.3 Enlarged lymph nodes 2.1.4 Diffuse pain 2.1.5 Peripheral oedema 2.1.6 Hypertension 2.1.7 Hypotension 2.2 Gastrointestinal/abdominal physical signs 2.2.1 Oral lesions 2.2.2 Abdominal distension 2.2.3 Abdominal pain 2.2.4 Perianal swelling 2.2.5 Jaundice 2.2.6 Abnormal liver palpation 2.3 Cardiorespiratory physical signs 2.3.1 Dyspnoea/tachypnoea 2.3.2 Pallor 2.3.3 Shock 2.3.4 Cyanosis 2.3.5 Ascites 2.3.6 Abnormal respiratory sounds 2.3.7 Abnormal heart sounds 2.3.8 Abnormalities in heart rate 2.3.9 Jugular distension/hepatojugular reflux 2.3.10 Alterations in arterial pulse 2.4 Dermatological signs 2.4.1 Scaling 2.4.2 Pustules and papules (including miliary dermatitis) 2.4.3 Nodules 2.4.4 Pigmentation disorders (coat or skin) 2.4.5 Alopecia 2.4.6 Erosive/ulcerative skin disease 2.4.7 Otitis externa 2.4.8 Pododermatitis 2.4.9 Disorders of the claws 2.4.10 Anal sac/perianal disease 2.5 Neurological signs 2.5.1 Abnormal cranial nerve (CN) responses 2.5.2 Vestibular disease 2.5.3 Horner’s syndrome 2.5.4 Hemineglect syndrome (Forebrain dysfunction q.v.) 2.5.5 Spinal disorders 2.6 Ocular signs 2.6.1 Red eye 2.6.2 Corneal opacification 2.6.3 Corneal ulceration/erosion 2.6.4 Lens lesions 2.6.5 Retinal lesions 2.6.6 Intraocular haemorrhage/hyphaema 2.6.7 Abnormal appearance of anterior chamber 2.7 Musculoskeletal signs 2.7.1 Muscular atrophy or hypertrophy 2.7.2 Trismus (‘lockjaw’) 2.7.3 Weakness 2.8 Urogenital physical signs 2.8.1 Kidneys abnormal on palpation 2.8.2 Bladder abnormalities 2.8.3 Prostate abnormal on palpation 2.8.4 Uterus abnormal on palpation 2.8.5 Testicular abnormalities 2.8.6 Penis abnormalities Part 3: Radiographic and Ultrasonographic Signs 3.1 Thoracic radiography 3.1.1 Artefactual causes of increased lung opacity 3.1.2 Increased bronchial pattern 3.1.3 Increased alveolar pattern 3.1.4 Increased interstitial pattern 3.1.5 Increased vascular pattern 3.1.6 Decreased vascular pattern 3.1.7 Cardiac diseases that may be associated with a normal cardiac silhouette 3.1.8 Increased size of cardiac silhouette 3.1.9 Decreased size of cardiac silhouette 3.1.10 Abnormalities of the ribs 3.1.11 Abnormalities of the oesophagus 3.1.12 Abnormalities of the trachea 3.1.13 Pleural effusion 3.1.14 Pneumothorax 3.1.15 Abnormalities of the diaphragm 3.1.16 Mediastinal abnormalities 3.2 Abdominal radiography 3.2.1 Liver 3.2.2 Spleen 3.2.3 Stomach 3.2.4 Intestines 3.2.5 Ureters 3.2.6 Bladder 3.2.7 Urethra 3.2.8 Kidneys 3.2.9 Loss of intra-abdominal contrast 3.2.10 Prostate 3.2.11 Uterus 3.2.12 Abdominal masses 3.2.13 Abdominal calcification/mineral density 3.3 Skeletal radiography 3.3.1 Fractures 3.3.2 Altered shape of the long bones 3.3.3 Dwarfism 3.3.4 Delayed ossification/growth plate closure 3.3.5 Increased radiopacity 3.3.6 Periosteal reactions 3.3.7 Bony masses 3.3.8 Osteopenia 3.3.9 Osteolysis 3.3.10 Mixed osteolytic/osteogenic lesions 3.3.11 Joint changes 3.4 Radiography of the head and neck 3.4.1 Increased radiopacity/bony proliferation of the maxilla 3.4.2 Decreased radiopacity of the maxilla 3.4.3 Increased radiopacity/bony proliferation of the mandible 3.4.4 Decreased radiopacity of the mandible 3.4.5 Increased radiopacity of the tympanic bulla 3.4.6 Decreased radiopacity of the nasal cavity 3.4.7 Increased radiopacity of the nasal cavity 3.4.8 Increased radiopacity of the frontal sinuses 3.4.9 Increased radiopacity of the pharynx 3.4.10 Thickening of the soft tissues of the head and neck 3.4.11 Decreased radiopacity of the soft tissues of the head and neck 3.4.12 Increased radiopacity of the soft tissues of the head and neck 3.5 Radiography of the spine 3.5.1 Normal and congenital variation in vertebral shape and size 3.5.2 Acquired variation in vertebral shape and size 3.5.3 Changes in vertebral radiopacity 3.5.4 Abnormalities in the intervertebral space 3.5.5 Contrast radiography of the spine (myelography) 3.6 Thoracic ultrasonography 3.6.1 Pleural effusion 3.6.2 Mediastinal masses 3.6.3 Pericardial effusion 3.6.4 Altered chamber dimensions 3.6.5 Changes in ejection phase indices of left ventricular performance (fractional shortening,FS%; ejection fraction, EF) 3.7 Abdominal ultrasonography 3.7.1 Renal disease 3.7.2 Hepatobiliary disease 3.7.3 Splenic disease 3.7.4 Pancreatic disease 3.7.5 Adrenal disease 3.7.6 Urinary bladder disease 3.7.7 Gastrointestinal disease 3.7.8 Ovarian and uterine disease 3.7.9 Prostatic disease 3.7.10 Ascites 3.8 Ultrasonography of other regions 3.8.1 Testes 3.8.2 Eyes 3.8.3 Neck Part 4: Laboratory Findings 4.1 Biochemical findings 4.1.1 Albumin 4.1.2 Alanine transferase 4.1.3 Alkaline phosphatase 4.1.4 Ammonia 4.1.5 Amylase 4.1.6 Aspartate aminotransferase 4.1.7 Bilirubin 4.1.8 Bile acids/dynamic bile acid test 4.1.9 C-reactive protein (D) 4.1.10 Cholesterol 4.1.11 Creatinine 4.1.12 Creatine kinase 4.1.13 Ferritin 4.1.14 Fibrinogen 4.1.15 Folate 4.1.16 Fructosamine 4.1.17 Gamma-glutamyl transferase 4.1.18 Gastrin 4.1.19 Globulins 4.1.20 Glucose 4.1.21 Iron 4.1.22 Lactate dehydrogenase 4.1.23 Lipase 4.1.24 Triglycerides 4.1.25 Troponin 4.1.26 Trypsin-like immunoreactivity 4.1.27 Urea 4.1.28 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) 4.1.29 Zinc 4.2 Haematological findings 4.2.1 Regenerative anaemia 4.2.2 Poorly/non-regenerative anaemia 4.2.3 Polycythaemia 4.2.4 Thrombocytopenia 4.2.5 Thrombocytosis 4.2.6 Neutrophilia 4.2.7 Neutropenia 4.2.8 Lymphocytosis 4.2.9 Lymphopenia 4.2.10 Monocytosis 4.2.11 Eosinophilia 4.2.12 Eosinopenia 4.2.13 Mastocytemia 4.2.14 Basophilia 4.2.15 Increased buccal mucosal bleeding time (disorders of primary haemostasis) 4.2.16 Increased prothrombin time (disorders of extrinsic and common pathways) 4.2.17 Increased partial thromboplastin time or activated clotting time (disorders of intrinsic and common pathways) 4.2.18 Increased fibrin degradation products 4.2.19 Decreased fibrinogen levels 4.2.20 Decreased antithrombin III levels 4.3 Electrolyte and blood gas findings 4.3.1 Total calcium 4.3.2 Chloride 4.3.3 Magnesium 4.3.4 Potassium 4.3.5 Phosphate 4.3.6 Sodium 4.3.7 pH 4.3.8 pa02 4.3.9 Total C02 4.3.10 Bicarbonate 4.3.11 Base excess 4.4 Urinalysis findings 4.4.1 Alterations in specific gravity 4.4.2 Abnormalities in urine chemistry 4.4.3 Abnormalities in urine sediment 4.4.4 Infectious agents 4.5 Cytological findings 4.5.1 Tracheal/bronchoalveolar lavage 4.5.2 Nasal flush cytology 4.5.3 Liver cytology 4.5.4 Kidney cytology 4.5.5 Skin scrapes/hair plucks/tape impressions 4.5.6 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis 4.5.7 Fine-needle aspiration of cutaneous/subcutaneous masses 4.6 Hormones/endocrine testing 4.6.1 Thyroxine 4.6.2 Parathyroid hormone 4.6.3 Cortisol (baseline or post-ACTH stimulation test) 4.6.4 Insulin 4.6.5 ACTH 4.6.6 Vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) 4.6.7 Testosterone 4.6.8 Progesterone 4.6.9 Oestradiol 4.6.10 Pro-BNP 4.7 Faecal analysis findings 4.7.1 Faecal blood 4.7.2 Faecal parasites 4.7.3 Faecal culture 4.7.4 Faecal fungal infections 4.7.5 Undigested food residues Part 5: Electrodiagnostic Testing 5.1 Electrocardiographic findings 5.1.1 Alterations in P wave 5.1.2 Alterations in QRS complex 5.1.3 Alterations in P–R relationship 5.1.4 Alterations in S–T segment 5.1.5 Alterations in Q–T interval 5.1.6 Alterations in T wave 5.1.7 Alterations in baseline 5.1.8 Rhythm alterations 5.1.9 Alterations in rate 5.2 Electromyographic findings 5.2.1 Spontaneous activity 5.2.2 Evoked activit 5.3 Nerve conduction velocity findings 5.3.1 Decreased velocity 5.3.2 Increased velocity