The neurological case Taking a history The neurological examination Localizing lesions Alteration in mental state Alteration in mental state - an introduction Head trauma Metabolic encephalopathy: insulinoma Metabolic encephalopathy: hepatic encephalopathy Metabolic encephalopathy: osmolality Granulomatous meningoencephalitis Behaviour change Behaviour change - an introduction Loss of house-training Defecation: faecal incontinence Psychological Intracranial arachnoid cyst Aggression Seizures Seizures - an introduction Skull tumour Meningioma Cerebral haemorrhage Hydrocephalus Idiopathic epilepsy Post-ictal behaviour change Cranial nerve function Blindness The control of pupil diameter Alteration in pupil function Secretions Alteration of eyelid position and movement Horner's syndrome Idiopathic facial paralysis Dropped jaw Middle ear disease Otogenic intracranial infection Deafness Sneezing Coughing Change in voice and swallowing Gait Gait - an introduction UMN: spinal empyema UMN: spinal cord infarction UMN: vertebral malformation UMN: intervertebral disc disease UMN: spinal fracture LMN paresis and paralysis - an introduction LMN paresis and paralysis: acquired myasthenia gravis LMN paresis and paralysis: brachial plexus avulsion LMN paresis and paralysis: flaccid tail Ataxia: spinal ataxia Ataxia: cerebellar ataxia Ataxia: vestibular ataxia Lameness Lameness - an introduction Lameness: nerve root compression Lameness: nerve root tumours Lameness: ischaemia Posture Posture - an introduction Torticollis Collapse Balance Balance - an introduction Loss of balance Truncal ataxia Ventroflexion of the neck Palpation Muscle tone - an introduction Tremor Tetanus Hypocalcaemia Trismus Bilateral atrophy of the masticatory muscles Unilateral atrophy of the masticatory muscle Pain Pain - an introduction Neck pain Meningitis of large breed dogs Retroperitoneal disease Scratching Urinary incontinence Urinary incontinence - an introduction No attempt to urinate Leaks, dribbles urine Appendices MCQs MCQ - Answers Abbreviations Cerebrospinal fluid and the ventricular system Collection of CSF CSF analysis Imaging the nervous system Neuropathology Referral of a patient