Abstract Equine Infectious Anaemia (EIA) is caused by Equine Infectious Anaemia Virus (EIAV). EIAV is a retrovirus infecting only equids, its genome consists of a positive single stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) of 7500 base pairs. Clinical signs associated with the infection are mainly characterized by fever, anaemia, oedema and various signs of depression. In France EIA is a notifiable disease, in 2010 the surveillance program leads to 14 429 testings performed by the network of approved laboratories using the Agar Gel Immuno-Diffusion (AGID) test. Among those analyses 26 were positive for EIA and came from 10 horses. None of the 10 positive horses exhibited any clinical signs. Five were from France and five came from Romania. Positive horses identified in 2010 were from 7 different premises divided in two different episodes. The first episode detected in South West of France consisted of 4 related premises where 5 French Trotters were tested positives and euthanized. The index case has been tested as part of a control before exportation. Primary premise located in the Dordogne County was a breeding farm where 2 mares were tested positive for EIA. Others premises, where two positive horses were detected, were located in the Lot-et-Garonne and Gironde County. All Infected animals (5) came from the breeding farm in Dordogne and have been kept over there several years where they have been probably infected since it is the only source of infection identified. Epidemiological investigations lead to test more than 400 horses, in 38 different Counties, which have been trained in the Dordogne Farm between 1990 and 2010. No other positive animals have been identified during this seroepidemiological study. The second EIA episode identified in 2010 was from horses which have been imported from Romania. Indeed, following EIA cases identified in Belgium and in UK at the end of 2009, French Ministry of Agriculture decided to test horses that came from Romania since January 2007. Investigation detected 80 equids, among those horses 38 were slaughtered or re-exported. Only 35 horses were still on the French territory at the date of testing and five of them exhibited a positive result for EIA using AGID test. Horses kept at the vicinity of those positive horses were tested but no transmission was seen. In this context the European commission (EU) has modified in June 2010 the regulation regarding importation of horses from Romania in other European member states. EU enforced a quarantine and a testing at destination for horses coming from Romania.