1 Introduction Taking a Problem-Oriented Case Approach: Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning Anamnesis (History) Physical Examination Assessing Problems Diagnostic Testing Therapeutic Plans Giving a Prognosis Client Education and Follow-Up 2 Integumentary System Anatomy & Physiology Invertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Diseases of the Integument Invertebrates Husbandry-Related Diseases Infectious Diseases Parasitic Diseases Fish Husbandry-Related Disease Water Quality Concerns. Traumatic Disease. Gas Bubble Disease. Head and Lateral Line Disease. Infectious Diseases Bacterial. Viral. Fungi and Water Molds. Parasitic Diseases Microscopic Parasites. Macroscopic Parasites. Neoplastic Diseases Amphibians Husbandry-Related Disease Infectious Diseases Bacterial. Viral Diseases. Fungal. Parasitic Diseases Neoplastic Diseases Reptiles Husbandry-Related Disease Dysecdysis. Abrasions. Bite Wounds. Thermal Burns. Hypovitaminosis A. Renal Disease. Contact Dermatitis. Shell Injuries. Shell Pyramiding. Infectious Diseases Bacterial. Viral. Fungal. Parasitic Diseases Acariasis. Neoplastic Diseases Birds Husbandry-Related Diseases Infectious Diseases Bacterial. Fungal. Viral. Parasitic Diseases Neoplastic Diseases Mammals: Ferrets Parasitic Diseases Infectious Diseases Bacterial Fungal Viral Endocrine Disease Neoplastic Disease Mammals: Rabbits Husbandry-Related Disease Parasitic Diseases Infectious Diseases Bacterial Fungal Viral Neoplastic Diseases Mammals: Guinea Pigs Husbandry-Related Diseases Infectious Diseases Bacterial Fungal Parasitic Diseases Neoplastic Diseases Mammals: Chinchillas Husbandry-Related Disease Infectious Diseases Bacterial Fungal Mammals: Other Rodents Husbandry-Related Diseases Parasitic Diseases Neoplastic Diseases Mammals: Sugar Gliders Mammals: African Pygmy Hedgehogs Husbandry-Related Diseases Infectious Diseases Fungal Parasitic Diseases Neoplastic Diseases Working up the Case: History, Physical Examination, and Diagnostic Testing Invertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Treatments References 3 Respiratory System Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Invertebrates Insects and Arachnids Mollusks Crustaceans Fish Water Breathing Fish Air Breathing Amphibians Reptiles Upper Respiratory System Lower Respiratory System Respiratory Physiology Mammals Birds The Upper Respiratory System The Larynx, Trachea, and Syrinx The Lung-Air Sac System Respiratory Mechanics and Regulation Respiratory Diseases Invertebrates Environmental Diseases Infectious Diseases Parasitic Diseases Neoplastic Diseases Fish Environmental Diseases Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Noninfectious Diseases Amphibians Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Noninfectious Diseases Reptiles General Considerations Infectious Diseases Viral Diseases. Bacterial Diseases. Fungal Diseases. Parasitic Diseases Noninfectious Diseases Mammals General Considerations Infectious Diseases Bacterial Diseases Rabbits. Rodents. Other Species. Viral Diseases Ferrets. Rabbits. Rodents. Parasitic Diseases. Fungal Diseases. Noninfectious Diseases Birds Nasal and Sinus Diseases Tracheal Diseases Diseases of the Lungs and Air Sacs Extrarespiratory Diseases: Airflow Occlusion and Air Sac Compression Specific Diagnostics Invertebrates Physical Examination Pathology Diagnostic Imaging Fish Water Quality Testing Physical Examination Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Tests Diagnostic Imaging and Endoscopy Amphibians Physical Examination Clinical Pathology Diagnostic Imaging Reptiles Physical Examination Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Tests Diagnostic Imaging Diagnostic Endoscopy Pulmonary Biopsy Mammals Physical Examination Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Tests Diagnostic Imaging Endoscopy Birds Physical Examination Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Tests Respiratory Monitoring Radiography Endoscopy Pulmonary and Air Sac Biopsy Ultrasound Advanced Imaging Treatments General Concepts in Respiratory Medical Therapy Principles of Oxygen Therapy Principles of Aerosol Therapy Principles of Respiratory Pharmacology Invertebrates Fish Water Quality Treatments Water Medications and Bath Other Treatments Amphibians Reptiles Medical Therapy Surgical Therapy Mammals Medical Therapy Surgical Therapy Birds Medical Therapy Upper Respiratory Disease. Avian Chlamydiosis. Aspergillosis. Respiratory Helminthiasis, Coccidiosis, and Acariasis. Noninfectious Lower Respiratory Diseases. Surgical Therapy Chronic Granulomatous Rhinitis. Sinusotomy/Trephination. Choanal Atresia. Cervicocephalic Diverticulum Rupture. Tracheotomy. Tracheal Resection and Anastomosis. Air Sac Tube Placement. Air Sac Surgery. References 4 Cardiovascular System Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Invertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Mammals Birds Cardiovascular Diseases Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Disease Invertebrates Fish Piscine Congestive Heart Failure Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Developmental Abnormalities Miscellaneous Cardiac Diseases Vascular Diseases Amphibians Edema/Hydrops Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Miscellaneous Reptiles Myocardial Diseases Valvular Diseases Pericardial Diseases Infectious Diseases Parasitic Diseases Congenital Defects Vascular Diseases Neoplasia Mammals Prevalence of Cardiac Diseases in Exotic Mammals Dilated Cardiomyopathy Other Myocardial Diseases Valvular Disease Congenital Defects Vascular Diseases Miscellaneous Birds Avian Congestive Heart Failure Arrhythmias Valvular Diseases Myocardial Diseases Pericardial Diseases Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Congenital Defects Atherosclerosis Aneurysm and Arterial Rupture Neoplasia Specific Diagnostics Invertebrates Physical Examination Clinical Pathology Electrocardiography Diagnostic Imaging Fish Physical Examination Clinical Pathology Electrocardiography Diagnostic Imaging Endoscopy Amphibians Physical Examination Clinical Pathology Electrocardiography Diagnostic Imaging Reptiles Physical Examination Blood Pressure Measurement Clinical Pathology Electrocardiography Radiography Echocardiography Advanced Imaging Endoscopy Mammals Physical Examination Blood Pressure Measurement Clinical Pathology Electrocardiography Radiography Echocardiography Angiography Advanced Imaging Birds Physical Examination Blood Pressure Measurement Clinical Pathology Electrocardiography Radiography Echocardiography Angiography Advanced Imaging Endoscopy Treatments General Therapeutics of Cardiovascular Diseases Invertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Mammals Birds References 5 Gastrointestinal System Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Invertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Specific Features of Common Pet Mammal Species Sugar Gliders Hedgehogs Ferrets Rabbits Rodents Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System Invertebrates Bacterial Diseases Parasitic Diseases Fish Viral Diseases Bacterial Diseases Enteric Redmouth. Red Pest. Mycobacteriosis. Enteric Septicemia of Catfish. Swim Bladder Disease. Fungal Disease Phomamycosis. Parasitic Diseases Coccidiosis. Microsporidiosis. Hexamitiasis. Cestodes. Nematodes. Noninfectious Diseases Hepatic Lipidosis. Neoplasia. Foreign Body Ingestion Amphibians Viral Diseases Bacterial Diseases Fungal Diseases Parasitic Diseases Noninfectious Diseases Prolapses. Foreign Body Ingestion. Neoplasia. Reptiles Viral Diseases Inclusion Body Disease. Herpesviral Stomatitis. Adenovirus. Ranavirus. Bacterial Diseases Parasitic Diseases Coccidiosis. Cryptosporidiosis. Noninfectious Diseases Foreign Bodies. Gastric Neuroendocrine Carcinoma. Birds Viral Diseases Avian Pox. Papillomatosis. Proventricular Dilatation Disease. Pacheco’s Disease. Other Viral Liver Diseases Bacterial Diseases Avian Mycobacteriosis. Gram-Negative Pharyngitis, Ingluvitis, and Enteritis. Bacterial Hepatitis. Pseudotuberculosis. Helicobacter Pharyngitis. Campylobacter. Avian chlamydiosis. Fungal Diseases Candidiasis. Avian Gastric Yeast. Parasitic Diseases Trichomoniasis. Coccidiosis. Cryptosporidium. Giardiasis. Hexamitiasis (Spironucleosis). Encephalitozoonosis. Cochlosomiasis. Nematodes. Tapeworms. Miscellaneous Diseases Ingluvioliths. Gastric Neoplasia. Liver Neoplasia. Hypovitaminosis A. Crop Trauma, Burns, and Fistulae. Cloacal Prolapse. Hepatic Lipidosis. Hemochromatosis. Aflatoxicosis. Lead Poisoning. Acute Pancreatic Necrosis. Pancreatitis. Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency. Mammals Sugar Gliders Hedgehogs Ferrets Viral Diseases EpizooTIC Catarrhal Enteritis. Other Viral EnteriTIDES. Bacterial Diseases Helicobacter Gastritis. Proliferative Bowel Disease. Parasitic Diseases Coccidiosis. Miscellaneous Diseases Gastric/Intestinal Obstruction. Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastrointestinal Lymphoma. Gastrointestinal Adenocarcinoma. Hepatic Neoplasia. Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasia. Rabbits Dental Disorders Gastrointestinal Stasis Syndrome Acute Gastrointestinal Dilation or Obstruction Diarrhea Antibiotic-Associated Enteritis or Enterotoxemia Cecotroph Staining Cecoliths Mucoid Enteropathy Rectal Papillomas Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Coccidiosis Neoplasia Liver Lobe Torsion Rodents Dental and Oral Disease Esophageal Conditions Gastric Conditions Intestinal Diseases Gastrointestinal Stasis. Antibiotic-Associated Enteritis or Enterotoxemia. Tyzzer’s Disease. Diarrhea in Guinea Pigs. Diarrhea in Rats and Mice. Diarrhea in Gerbils. Diarrhea in Hamsters. Hepatic Cysts. Diagnostics Invertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Oral Diseases Crop and Esophagus Gastric Diseases Intestinal Diseases Cloacal Diseases Liver Diseases Pancreatic Diseases Endoscopy Mammals Sugar Gliders, Hedgehogs, and Small Rodents Ferrets Rabbits, Guinea Pigs, and Chinchillas Treatment Invertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Therapeutic Endoscopy Treatment of Liver Disease Mammals Inpatient versus Outpatient Sedation/Anesthesia/Analgesia Fluid Therapy Nutritional Support Surgical Treatments References 6 Endocrine System Introduction The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Reptiles Birds Mammals Functions Disease Processes Diabetes Insipidus Reptiles. Birds. Mammals. Neoplasia Reptiles. Birds. Mammals. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Clinical Assessment Reptiles Birds Mammals Calcium Homeostasis Reptiles Birds Mammals Endocrine Pancreas Neoplasia Reptiles Mammals Diabetes Mellitus Reptiles Birds Mammals The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Pheochromocytoma Hyperadrenocorticism The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Medical Management of the HPG Axis Acknowledgment Appendix Reptiles Birds Mammals References for Appendix References 7 Musculoskeletal System Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Invertebrates Vertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Diagnostics Nutritional Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System Husbandry Metabolic Bone Disease Reptiles and Amphibians Birds Mammals Other Nutritional Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System Fish Reptiles and Amphibians Birds Mammals Myopathies Fish Amphibians and Reptiles Birds Mammals Neoplasia Invertebrates Fish Reptiles and Amphibians Birds Mammals Rabbits Other Small Mammals Joint Disease Reptiles and Amphibians Birds Mammals Osteomyelitis Trauma Invertebrates Vertebrates Bone Composition, Bone Healing, and Fracture Repair Bone Healing Principles of Fracture Repair External Coaptation Internal Fixation External Skeletal Fixation Management of Traumatic Musculoskeletal Injuries and Fracture Management Fish Reptiles and Amphibians Shell Fractures Birds External Coaptation Internal Fixation External Skeletal Fixation Specific Fractures of the Thoracic Limb Specific Fractures of the Pelvic Limb Mammals Repair of Specific Fractures Miscellaneous Amphibians Reptile References 8 Central Nervous System Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Invertebrates Flatworms Cephalopods Spiders Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Diseases Invertebrates Spiders Dehydration. Toxins. Panagrolaimidae Nematodes. Mermithidae Nematodes. Pompilidae Wasps and Sphecidae Mud Daubers. Ecdysis. Fish Environmental Abnormalities Bacterial Encephalitis Neurologic Disease Caused by Parasites Amphibians Metabolic Bone Disease Vitamin B Deficiency Toxicity Chytridiomycosis Other Disease Conditions Reptiles Bacterial Diseases Viral Diseases Ophidian Paramyxovirus. Inclusion Body Disease. Agamid Atadenovirus. West Nile Virus. Other Viral Diseases. Fungal Diseases Parasitic Diseases Toxins Therapeutic and Antimicrobial Agents. Heavy Metal. Miscellaneous Toxins. Trauma Neoplasia Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases Miscellaneous Neuropathies Birds Bacterial Diseases Viral Diseases Paramyxoviruses. Psittacine Proventricular Dilatation Disease. Togavirus. West Nile Virus. Reovirus. Avian Influenza. Gallid Herpesvirus. Fungal Diseases Parasitic Diseases Toxins Heavy Metal Toxicosis. Organophosphates/Carbamates. Therapeutic Agents. Trauma Neoplasia Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases Hypocalcemia. Renal Disease. Hypoglycemia. Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency. Vitamin B Deficiency. Hypercholesterolemia/Hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis. Hepatic Encephalopathy. Mammals Bacterial Diseases Viral Diseases Rabies. Canine Distemper. Aleutian Disease. Herpes Simplex Virus. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus. Parasitic Diseases Trixacarus caviae. Toxoplasma gondii. Larval Migrans. Cuterebra Spp. Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Toxins Drugs. Lead. Trauma Splay Leg Neoplasia Ferrets. Rabbits. Rodents. Miscellaneous Diseases Vitamin A Deficiency Miscellaneous Ferret Diseases. Pregnancy Toxemia. Epilepsy. Heat Stroke. Demyelinating Paralysis. Specific Diagnostics Invertebrates and Fish Reptiles and Amphibians Birds Mammals Summary References 9 Special Senses: Introduction Anatomy Invertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Diseases, Diagnostics, and Treatments Invertebrates Fish Corneal Ulcers Nonulcerative Keratitis Cataract Uveitis Retinal Disease Exophthalmos Amphibians Corneal Ulcers Corneal Lipidosis Uveitis Reptiles Congenital and Developmental Diseases Hypovitaminosis A Conjunctivitis Eyelid/Periocular/Orbital Masses Spectacular Disease in Snakes Retained Eye Caps in Geckos Ulcerative Keratitis Uveitis Cataracts Glaucoma Birds Eyelid Disease Conjunctivitis Corneal Disease Uveal/Retinal Disease Cataract Mammals Rabbits Eyelid Disease. Nasolacrimal Disease. Conjunctival Disease. Corneal Disease. Lens Disease. Glaucoma. Orbital Disease. Ferrets Conjunctival Disease. Cataract. Retinal Degeneration. Mice/Rats Chromodacryorrhea. Sialodacryoadenitis Virus. Conjunctivitis. Corneal Dystrophy/Degeneration. Guinea Pigs Conjunctivitis. Fatty Eye/Pea Eye. Heterotopic Bone Formation. Cataract. Hedgehogs Proptosis/Exophthalmos. References 10 Reproductive System Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Invertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Rodents Ferrets Rabbits Hedgehogs Hystricomorph Rodents Guinea Pigs. Chinchillas. Marsupials Diseases Associated with the Reproductive System Invertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Rodents Ferrets Rabbits Hedgehogs Guinea Pigs Chinchillas Sugar Gliders Specific Diagnostics Invertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Treatment Reptiles Birds Mammals References 11 Urinary System Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Invertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Diseases of the Urinary System Fish Infectious Diseases Bacterial Diseases. Parasitic Diseases. Noninfectious Diseases Neoplasia. Heavy Metal. Amphibians Infectious Diseases Bacterial Diseases. Fungal Diseases. Parasitic Diseases. Viral Diseases. Noninfectious Diseases Neoplasia. Dehydration. Nutritional Diseases. Toxins. Reptiles Infectious Diseases Noninfectious Diseases Neoplasia. Nutritional Diseases. Birds Infectious Diseases Bacterial Diseases. Fungal Diseases. Parasitic Diseases. Viral Diseases. Noninfectious Diseases Neoplasia. Dehydration. Amyloidosis. Renal Lipidosis. Renal Cysts. Nutritional Diseases. Heavy Metals. Iatrogenic. Mammals Rabbits Guinea Pigs Chinchillas Ferrets Specific Diagnostic Testing Fish Renal Culture and Biopsy Antemortem. Postmortem. Amphibians and Reptiles Anamnesis Physical Examination Diagnostic Methods Urinalysis. Diagnostic Imaging. Birds Clinical Pathology Urinalysis. Urine Biochemistries. Urine Specific Gravity. Osmolality. Urine Color. Urine Dipstick. Diagnostic Imaging Radiography. Ultrasonography. Advanced Imaging. Nuclear Scintigraphy. Endoscopy. Mammals Treatments