Normal Ear and its response Gross anatomy of the ear structure and function The microscopic structure of the normal and abnormal external ear canal The microscopic structure of the tympanum and middle ear The microscopic structure and the function of the inner ear The micro-climate of the external ear canal Microflora of the external ear canal Diagnostic procedures Otoscopic appearance Cytological characteristics Neurological examination of the ear Radiographic features Imaging of the middle and internal ears Electrophysiological investigations Other diagnostic procedures Aetiopathogenesis and classification of otitis externa Otic anatomy, breed variation and effects of chronic inflammation Ectoparasites Foreign bodies Polyps Tumours Underlying disease Influence of geography and climate Diseases of the pinna Otitis media Otitis interna Para-aural abscess Medical management of ear disease Approach to the diagnosis of otitis external Acute otitis externa Gram negative ear infection Chronic, recurrent otitis in dogs Chronic, recurrent otitis in cats Neurological signs related to middle ear disease Neurological signs related to internal ear disease Ototoxicity Cleaning the external ear canal Management of aural haematoma: other pinnal surgery Surgical procedures of the external ear canal and bulla Sedation, peri-operative analgesia and aftercare