Part I. The Conceptualization of Animal-Human Bond: The Foundation for Understanding Animal Assisted Interventions Chapter 1. Understanding Our Kinship with Animals: Input for Health Care Professionals Interested in the Human-Animal Bond 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Introduction to the Human-Animal Bond 1.3. Defining the Human-Animal Bond 1.4. Pets and People: Case Studies Reveal the Importance 1.5. Theories Explaining the Bond 1.6. The Biological Benefits of the Bond 1.7. Final Remarks Chapter 2. Animal-Assisted Interventions in Historical Perspective 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Animal Souls and Spiritual Healing 2.3. Animal Powers and Shamanism 2.4. Animism in Classical and Medieval Times 2.5. Animals as Agents of Socialization 2.6. Animals and Psychotherapy 2.7. Animals, Relaxation, and Social Support 2.8. Conclusions Chapter 3. Forward Thinking: The Evolving Field of Human-Animal Interactions 3.1. To See Where We Are Headed, We Must See Where We Have Been 3.2. Progression of Animal-Assisted Interventions 3.3. Developing Common Terminology 3.4. Redefining Our Relationship with Animals and the Living World 3.5. What Do Animals Have to Do with Human Health? 3.6. Research Directions 3.7. Professionalizing the AAIS Field 3.8. Into the Future Chapter 4. Influence of Cultural and Religious Factors on Attitudes toward Animals 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Cultural and Religious Factors 4.3. A Culturally Responsive Framework for AAI 4.4. Conclusion Chapter 5. Animal Therapy on the Community Level: The Impact of Pets on Social Capital 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Animals and Social Capital 5.3. The Absence of Pets and Social Capital 5.4. Estimating Community Pet Populations 5.5. Estimating Unwanted, Abused, and Aggressive Animal Populations 5.6. The Urban Community Link: Pets as Calming Ambassadors of Nature 5.7. Conclusion Chapter 6. Recruiting Psychosocial Health Effects of Animals for Families and Communities: Transition to Practice 6.1. Introduction: Expanding Applications of the Human/Animal Relationship 6.2. The Potential of Pets to Enhance the Quality of Life 6.3. Personalized Normalizing of the Environment for People with Special Needs 6.4. For the Health Professions: Leadership in Implementing Animals as Treatment or Social Support Chapter 7. The Animal-Human Bond: Health and Wellness 7.1. The Conceptualization of the Animal-Human Bond: The Foundation for Understanding Animal-Assisted Therapy 7.2. Conclusion Part II. Animal-Assisted Interventions: Conceptual Model and Guidelines for Quality Assurance Chapter 8. What’s Love Got to Do with It? Selecting Animals for Animal-Assisted Mental Health Interventions 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Step One: Clarifying the Purpose of Animals in Practice 8.3. Step Two: Determining the Category-and Approach-of Animal Interventions 8.4. Delivery Approach 8.5. Step Three: Developing Working Animal Job Descriptions 8.6. Step Four: MacNamara Animal Capability Assessment Model 8.7. Interplay and Interaction of Animal-Assisted Intervention Factors 8.8. Potential for Animal Stress 8.9. Conclusion Chapter 9. Understanding the Other End of the Leash: What Therapists Need to Understand about Their Co-therapists Chapter 10. The Role of the Equine in Animal-Assisted Interactions 10.1. History of Equine Interactions 10.2. Role of Equine in EAA/T-The Horse as the Therapist 10.3. Why a Horse? 10.4. Hippotherapy 10.5. Benefits and Outcomes of TR and HPOT 10.6. The Evolution of and Role of the Equine in TR 10.7. Military Trauma and EAA/T 10.8. Evidence-Based Research 10.9. Evidence Involving TR and Children 10.10. Evidence Involving TR and Adults 10.11. Credentials for TR Instruction 10.12. The TR Lesson Team 10.13. Definition, Evolution, and Role of the Equine in HPOT 10.14. Theoretical Base 10.15. Physical Context 10.16. Evidence-Based Research 10.17. The HPOT Team 10.18. HPOT Credentials 10.19. Mental Health Programs 10.20. The Role of the Mental Health Professional in EFP/EAP 10.21. Theoretical Underpinnings 10.22. Evidence-Based Research Involving EFP/EAP for Children and Youths 10.23. Evidence Involving EFP/EAP and Adults 10.24. Evidence Involving EFP/EAP and Victims of Trauma 10.25. Military Trauma and EFP/EAP as Complementary Intervention 10.26. Equine Learning Programs 10.27. Therapeutic Carriage Driving 10.28. Members of the TCD Team 10.29. Therapeutic Carriage Driving Certification 10.30. Military Veterans and TCD 10.31. Therapeutic Vaulting 10.32. Benefits 10.33. Examples of TV Exercises 10.34. Credentials for TV 10.35. General Examples of Safety Considerations for all Types of EAA/EAT 10.36. Who May Participate? 10.37. Conclusion Part III. Best Practices in Animal-Assisted Interventions: Guidelines for Use of AAI with Special Populations Chapter 11. Incorporating Animal-Assisted Interventions into Psychotherapy: Guidelines and Suggestions for Therapists 11.1. Introduction 11.2. The Need for Research 11.3. The Role of AAT in Psychotherapy: Is There Such a Thing as an AAT Rx? 11.4. Consideration 1-Why Clinicians May Find Animals Therapeutically Beneficial 11.5. Consideration 2-The Therapeutic Environment: Animals as an Aspect of Milieu Therapy 11.6. Consideration 3-Incorporating Theory into Practice: AAT from a Life Stage Perspective 11.7. Practical Suggestions for Clinician’s Applying Animals 11.8. Future Directions 11.9. Conclusions Chapter 12. Application of Animal-Assisted Interventions in Professional Settings: An Overview of Alternatives 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Professional Applications of AAI 12.3. Professional Practice Foundations Chapter 13. Animals in the Lives of Children 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Where Are Animals in Children’s Lives? 13.3. What Do Animals Mean in Children’s Lives? 13.4. Best Practices in AAT with Children 13.5. Guidelines for Best Practices of AAT with Children and Concluding Remarks Chapter 14. Animals in Educational Settings: Research and Practice 14.1. Chapter Overview 14.2. Background on Animals in Educational Settings 14.3. Research: What We Know So Far … 14.4. Ways in Which Animals are Incorporated into Classrooms 14.5. Suggested Guidelines for the Inclusion of Animals in Classrooms 14.6. Policy Recommendations for Animals in the Classroom 14.7. Positive, Assertive, Cooperative Kids: An Application in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 14.8. Safety Concerns: Key Elements-Children and Animals 14.9. Concluding Remarks Chapter 15. Enhancing Special Education Environments with Animal-Assisted Interventions at Green Chimneys: Opportunities and Practical Considerations 15.1. Introduction 15.2. General Effects of Human-Animal Interaction 15.3. Theoretical Background of Positive Effects of HAI and AAI in an Educational Context 15.4. Animal Interaction at Green Chimneys School 15.5. Implementing Human Animal Interactions 15.6. Enhancing Skills and EF 15.7. Advantages of AAI in Special Education Settings 15.8. Considerations for Program Replication 15.9. Practical Considerations and Lessons Learned at Green Chimneys: Integrating AAI into Primary Services 15.10. Paying for Our Animal Program 15.11. A Unique Animal-Assisted Program Identity 15.12. Time Constraints and Making Room for Animal Programming in a School 15.13. Evaluating the Impact of Our Animal Programming 15.14. Choices in Animal Species for Special Education Settings 15.15. Prior to Considering Animals in an Educational Setting 15.16. Setting Protocols and Program Vision 15.17. Conclusions Chapter 16. The Roles of Animals for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Why Animals for ASD? 16.3. Animal-Assisted Intervention for ASD 16.4. Service Animals for ASD 16.5. Companion Animals for ASD 16.6. Animal Welfare Issues 16.7. Conclusions Chapter 17. Understanding the Role of Human-Animal Interaction in the Family Context 17.1. Animals in the Family System 17.2. Adaptive HAI in the Family System 17.3. Nonadaptive HAI in the Family System 17.4. Children with Developmental Disorders and Animals in the Family 17.5. Strategies for Clinical Practitioners 17.6. Conclusions Chapter 18. Human-Animal Interaction in the Aging Boom 18.1. Introduction 18.2. Human-Companion Animal Interactions and Aging 18.3. Facilitating Relationships between Pets and Older Adults 18.4. Pet Selection 18.5. Guidelines for Animal-Assisted Interventions with Older Adults 18.6. Conclusion Chapter 19. Increasing the Effectiveness of Palliative Care through Integrative Modalities: Conceptualizing the Roles of Animal Companions and Animal-Assisted Interventions 19.1. Introduction 19.2. Extending Palliative Care through an Integrative Approach 19.3. The Role of Pet Companions and AAIs in Palliative Care 19.4. Future Avenues of AAI and Palliative Care Research 19.5. Next Steps and Concluding Remarks Chapter 20. Pets Bring Comfort and Health: The Evolution of the PAWS Model in San Francisco and the Safe Pet Guidelines 20.1. Introduction 20.2. AIDS: An Overview 20.3. The Psycho-Social Impact of Illness: The AIDS Virus 20.4. The Role of Pets 20.5. The Role of Community 20.6. The Historical Significance of Zoonoses and AIDS 20.7. How PAWS Developed to Help People with AIDS Keep Their Pets 20.8. Services Provided by Pets Are Wonderful Support 20.9. Examples of Other Human/Animal Support Service Programs 20.10. A Generation Later Chapter 21. The Human-Animal Relationship in Context of the Juvenile and Criminal Justice Systems 21.1. Introduction 21.2. Controversies 21.3. Therapy Animals Supporting Kids (TASK) Program 21.4. Therapy Animals Assisting in Juvenile Court, Family Court, and Juvenile Detention Programs 21.5. Therapy Animals with Vulnerable Adult Witnesses 21.6. Therapy Animals in Veteran’s Court 21.7. Research 21.8. Laws Addressing Therapy Animal Use 21.9. Conclusion Chapter 22. Treating Human Trauma with the Help of Animals: Trauma Informed Intervention for Child Maltreatment and Adult Post-Traumatic Stress 22.1. Psychodynamic Animal-Assisted Psychotherapy for Effects of Interpersonal Trauma 22.2. Warrior Canine Connection Service Dog Training Therapy: Clinical Foundations, Practice Guildlines, and Scientific Rationale 22.3. Conclusion Chapter 23. On Call 24/7-The Emerging Roles of Service and Support Animals 23.1. Introduction 23.2. History of Assistance Animals 23.3. Therapeutic Benefits of Contact with Animals: The Possible Psychosocial Benefits of Service Animals 23.4. Definitions of Assistance Animals: Controversy, Confusion, and Clarification 23.5. Psychiatric Service Animals 23.6. Emotional Support Animals 23.7. Case Study-ESA/Service Animal Confusion 23.8. Americans with Disabilities Act Guidelines for Transportation and the Federal Air Carriers Act 23.9. Service Animal Selection and Training 23.10. Animal Welfare Considerations: Service Work Impact on the Animal Chapter 24. Animal Visitation Programs in Colleges and Universities: An Efficient Model for Reducing Student Stress 24.1. Introduction 24.2. Overview: Characteristics and Strengths of AVPs 24.3. Supporting Evidence 24.4. Research Agenda 24.5. Summary and Conclusion Part IV. Special Topics and Concerns in Animal-Assisted Interventions Chapter 25. Loss of a Therapy Animal: Assessment and Healing 25.1. Introduction 25.2. Scholarly Research 25.3. Understanding Loss 25.4. Loss of a Special Animal 25.5. Manner of Loss 25.6. Differences between Losing Pet and Therapy Animal Chapter 26. Our Ethical and Moral Responsibility: Ensuring the Welfare of Therapy Animals 26.1. Introduction 26.2. Defining Animal Welfare 26.3. Benefits to Animals in AAI 26.4. Measuring Welfare in AAI Research 26.5. Research Applications 26.6. Practical Applications 26.7. Conclusions Appendix 1: Behavioral Instrument for the Assessment of Dog Well-Being before/during/after Therapy Sessions Chapter 27. Methodological Standards and Strategies for Establishing the Evidence Base of Animal-Assisted Therapies 27.1. Context: Current Advances in Psychotherapy Outcome Research 27.2. Conceptualizing the Study and Its Focus 27.3. Common Methodological Challenges 27.4. Conclusions Chapter 28. A Glimpse at the Future of Animal-Assisted Interventions: Selected Commentaries Part A. 28.1 The Future Status of the Emerging Field of Anthrozoology Part B. 28.2 Public Policy and the Human-Animal Bond Part C. 28.3 The Research Challenge: Threats to the Validity of Animal-Assisted Therapy Studies and Suggestions for Improvement Part D. 28.4 Strengthening the Foundation of Human-Animal Interaction Research: Recent Developments in a Rapidly-Growing Field The IAHAIO Definitions for Animal-Assisted Intervention and Guidelines for Wellness of Animals Involved Index